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1 Balladur, Edouard
(born 1929)Conservative politician, and Prime Minister of France from 1993 to 1995. Minister of the Economy in the first "Cohabitation" government of Jacques Chirac during the first Mitterrand presidency, he was appointed Prime Minister by Mitterrand at the start of his second term in office. While Chirac incarnated the traditional Gaullist wing of the conservative RPR party, Balladur was seen as more modern, more libéraland more European in his outlook - but also rather aloof and patrician. In 1995, he ran against Chirac for the presidency, and was at one time tipped as favourite, but lost out in the first round. Divisions in the RPR between the Chiraquiens and the Balladurians lasted for several years after this, notably with the sidelining by Chirac of an up-and-coming young minister, NicolasSarkozy.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Balladur, Edouard
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2 Chirac, Jacques
born 1932.(adj. Chiraquien)Former conservative (Gaullist) President of France, from 1995 to 2007. Chirac's reelection in 2002 was an unexpected twist of fortune, caused by the elimination of the front-runner, socialist Lionel Jospin, pipped into third place in the first round of the election by a surge in the vote for the far right wing leader of the French National Front, Jean Marie Le Pen.Facing Le Pen in the second round, Chirac was reelected with a massive majority in what was in essence a contest between the the extreme right and everyone else. Had the second round of the election been a classic left-right contest, Chirac's re-election would not have been guaranteed.Jacques Chirac was a highly ambitious career politician, who worked his way rapidly up the ranks of the Gaullist movement; yet his first steps in politics were actually as a militant for the Communist party, and as a student he sold the communist newspaper l'Humanité on the streets of Paris. After graduating from "Sciences Po", he changed tack, married into Parisian high society, studied at the elite ENA (Ecole Nationale d'Administration), and then began a career in politics, working for the office of the prime minister, Georges Pompidou. In 1976, he was appointed junior minister for employment in the third Pompidou government, and from then after he remained one of the most omnipresent of conservative politicians in France. From Gaullist, he became a supporter of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing during Giscard's 1974 bid for the presidency - against the Gaullist Chaban-Delmas - and was appointed Prime Minister when Giscard won. Two years later, he resigned, complaining that Giscard was cramping his style.This was the start of his rise to the top. No longer prime minister, in 1977 he set about building his own power base, or rather his own two power bases, firstly as leader of a new political party, the RPR, created out of the old Gaullist UDR, and secondly by becoming elected Mayor of Paris. In 1981, he challenged Giscard for the presidency, but came third in the first round of the election, which was won by François Mitterrand. By 1986 he was clear leader of the conservative opposition. When the conservatives won the general election of that year, he was appointed prime minister, ushering in the first period of cohabitation (see below) between a president and a government of different political persuasions.In 1988, he was again a candidate in the presidential election, and again lost; but with his power base in Paris and in the RPR, he then had seven years in which to prepare his third, and first successful, challenge for the presidency.He served two terms as president, the first of seven years, the second of five - though as already stated, his reelection in 2002 was more due to the failure of the Socialist campaign and the surprise presence of Le Pen in the second round, than in his own popularity. It is still rather early to judge the Chirac presidency in a historic perspective, but early appraisals suggest that it will not be remembered as a great period in French history. It was a time during which France dramatically failed to adapt to the changes in the modern world - the end of the Cold War and the challenge of globalisation - and failed to push through the social and economic reforms that were allowing other developed nations such as France, Germany or Spain, to find their place in the new world order.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Chirac, Jacques
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3 Cresson, Edith
(born 1934)Prime minister of France 1991-1992. The first (and only) woman to have been appointed Prime minister of France, Edith Cresson is also the shortest-serving prime minister of the Fifth Republic. As prime minister, she rapidly lost popularity, and led the Socialists to a resounding defeat in the 1992 regional elections. She was later appointed European commissioner, but resigned four years later amid allegations of corruption directed against her personally, and against the Santer commission, of which she was a member. In 2006, the European court of Justice found her guilty of favouritism during her time in office.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Cresson, Edith
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4 Fillon, François
Born 1954.Prime minister of France 2007-2012 - The first prime minister of the first Sarkozy presidency. François Fillon, a conservative politician, was minister of social affairs, and then minister of education in the government of Jean Pierre Raffarin, during the second Chirac presidency. In this time, he acquired the reputation of a reformer, pushing through major reforms of the education system and the retirement system. He is an anglophile, and has a British wife, Penelope.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Fillon, François
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5 Hollande, François
born 1954.Candidate of the French Socialist Party for the 2012 presidential election. He defeated runner-up Martine Aubry in the second round of an unofficial "primary" for the designation of the socialist candidate.French Socialist politician. A graduate of HEC business school and of theENA school of administration, Hollande worked at the Cour des Comptesbefore becoming elected as a député for the Corrèze - the same department as Jacques Chirac - in 1988. In 1997 he was elected first secretary of the Socialist Party, a most he held until 2008. At the time he was considered as rather a soft-liner, the rather dull partner of Ségolène Royale, by whom he has four children.However since Hollande and Royale split up, and Hollande was ousted from the leadership of the Socialist party, he has staged a considerable comeback, building an image as a serious candidate with whom the French economy would be in safe hands.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Hollande, François
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6 Juppé, Alain
(born 1945)conservative politician, Foreign Minister 1993 - 1995, Prime Minister of France from 1995 to 1997, under President Jacques Chirac. In 2004 Juppé was convicted of mishandling public funds, and retired from public life. To the surprise of many, he nevertheless retained the confidence and support of many of his supporters and political stablemates, including Chirac, and in 2006 began a political comeback, being reelected as mayor of Bordeaux.. In 2007, he was briefly minister for the environment, but resigned from this job after failing to get reelected to parliament by voters in his Bordeaux constituency, a city of which he remains mayor. He returned to government in March 2011, recalled by Nicolas Sarkozy to replace Foreign Secretary Michèle Aliot Marie, who was ousted following revelations of her dealings with former but recently ousted North African leaders.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Juppé, Alain
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7 Kouchner, Bernard
born 1939. Doctor, politician. Kouchner was co-founder of the international medical charity Médecins sans Frontières (q.v.). As a politician, he was a leading member of the Socialist Party, and held ministerial portfolios, as Minister of health, under four Socialist prime ministers. However, disappointed by the failure of the Socialist Party to modernise, he was one of the leading Socialists to accept an invitation to join the "open" conservative government of François Fillon, following the election of President Sarkozy. He remained France's foreign secretary until 2010, when he was replaced by Michèle Aliot Marie.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Kouchner, Bernard
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8 Krivine, Alain
(Born 1941)Once one of the leaders of the student uprising in France in 1968, Alain Krivine has remained a militant Trotskyist all his life, and a member of the extreme left-wing political party, the Ligue Communiste Révolutionnaire, or LCR. Thanks to the system of proportional representation, he was elected and sat as an MEP in the European parliament from 1998 to 2004.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Krivine, Alain
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9 Laguiller, Arlette
Born 1940.The Passionaria of French politics in the last third of the 20th Century. A Trotskyist, she was the high-profile leader of the left-wing Lutte Ouvrière (LO) political party for over 30 years, and holds the record for the number of times she has stood as a candidate in Presidential elections, six. In 2002, she polled over 5% of the vote.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Laguiller, Arlette
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10 Lalonde, Brice
Born 1946. Lalonde was the first "green" politician in France to gain a position of influence in French government. President of the Student Union UNEF during the events of 1968, he later founded the French branch of Friends of the Earth, and subsequently became a Greenpeace activist, campaiging against French nuclear tests in the south Pacific. He was director of campaign for the first green candidate in a presidential election, René Dumont in 1974, and subsequently ran for president himself. In 1990, he founded the first successful Green party, called Génération Ecologie, and was appointed Minister of the environment in the Socialist government of Edith Cresson, a post he held for just one year.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Lalonde, Brice
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11 Lelouch, Claude
Born 1937 Popular film director, best known for his filmUn Homme et une Femme (A Man and a Woman), 1966, which won the Palme d'Or at Cannes (q.v.) and the Oscar for the best foreign film.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Lelouch, Claude
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12 Madelin, Alain
Born 1946Former minister, Alain Madelin is renowned as the most strident defender of economic liberalism in France, during the early 1990s, at a time when "liberalism" was still the "L" word, even for many French conservatives. A right-wing activist during his student days, virulently anti-Socialist, Madelin later joined Giscard d'Estaing's centre-right UDF party. He held a number of ministerial portfolios, eventually being appointed Minister of Finance and the Economy by prime minister Edouard Balladur in 1995; Balladur however sacked him after three months, judging Madelin too liberal. In reality, Madelin was ahead of his times, and many of his economic ideas - aimed at freeing up the French economy - have since been put in place. In 1997, he became president of the Parti Républicain (PR), which he later renamed Démocratie Libérale(DL): in 2003 DL merged with the mainstream conservative UMP party. Madelin retired from politics in 2007.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Madelin, Alain
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13 Mauroy, Pierre
(born 1928)French socialist politician, Prime Minister from 1981 to 1984, at the start of the first Mitterrand presidency. A stalwart Socialist, Mauroy was Mitterrand's first prime minister, and led the government in the early years of the presidency, when policies were most left-wing, and included a programme of nationalisation (at a time when other nations were doing the reverse), a lowering of the retirement age, and the reduction of the working week to 39 hours. As well as playing a major role in the Socialist party from its creation in 1969, he was mayor of the city of Lille from 1973 to 2001, and also the city's Député, a classic example of cumul des mandats.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Mauroy, Pierre
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14 Notat, Nicole
Born 1947, former leader (1992 - 2002) of the large CFDTTrade Union, the first woman to attain such a senior position in the world of French trade unionism. As a union leader, she was remarkably open to dialogue, and as such was considered as weak by more militant hard-liners.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Notat, Nicole
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15 Ockrent, Christine
Born 1944, a Belgian journalist who became one of the most important television news and current-affairs presenters on French television. After working in the USA on CBS News's 60-Minutes programme, Ockrent returned to France, where in 1981 she became the first woman to serve as anchor on one of the main evening news programmes on French TV, the 8 p.m. ( Vingt heures) news on the state TV channel Antenne 2 (now called France 2). Although she became the most respected of France's evening TV news anchors, she left to become Director of the commerial channel TF1. In the following years, the was editor of l'Express newsmagazine, then returned to chair current affairs programmes on television, notably the very popular and long-running France-Europe Express. She is the partner of the former (2008) French Foreign Secretary, Bernard Kouchner.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Ockrent, Christine
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16 Pasqua, Charles
born 1927French conservative politician, Minister of the Interior (home secretary) from 1986 to 1988, and again from 1993 to 1995. Pasqua enjoyed the reputation of being a hard-line no-nonsense conservativeDictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Pasqua, Charles
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17 Pivot, Bernard
Born 1935. French intellectual, literary critic, and presenter of a number of erudite but popular cultural programmes on French television, notably Apostrophes and Bouillon de Culture. In 2004, he was elected to the Goncourt Academy, the first non-author to receive this honour.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Pivot, Bernard
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18 Raffarin, Jean-Pierre
(born 1948)Prime minister of France, 2002-2005, during the second Chirac presidency. Raffarin resigned in 2005 after the referendum in which French voters rejected the European constitution. Lacking the political determination of Sarkozy, he nevertheless managed to initiate some much-needed reforms, but was perceived as a hesitating prime minister.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Raffarin, Jean-Pierre
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19 Rocard, Michel
(born 1930)Prime Minister of France from 1988 to 1991, in the second Mitterrand presidency. A Protestant socialist, Rocard founded the Parti Socialiste Unifié in 1960, and stood for the presidency in 1969. Later he joined the Socialist Party, and after François Mitterrand was reelected to the presidency for a second term, he appointed Rocard as Prime Minister. Rocard represents a moderate socio-liberal tendency in today's Socialist Party.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Rocard, Michel
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20 Sarkozy, Nicolas
born 1955. President of France 2007-2012. Conservative politician. As Minister of the Interior (Home Secretary) under Jacques Chirac, and president of the conservative UMP party, Sarkozy earned a reputation as a tough-talking no-nonsense hard-liner. He became the bugbear of the Socialist opposition, and the bogeyman of the far left, to the extent that the 2007 presidential election was as much about stopping Sarkozy as about electing a president. In the end, Sarkozy emerged as the most convincing candidate, and won the election with a clear majority. The son of a Hungarian immigrant, Sarkozy has a background very different from that or any other recent French president. More Atlanticist, less nationalistic, he has set about strengthening links betwen France and the USA and France and the UK, while reaffirming links with France's continental neighbours. He has also sought to strengthen the links betwen the countries surrounding the Mediterranean.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Sarkozy, Nicolas
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